77 Appellate Court Decisions Cite Peter Simm’s Administrative Law Cases

 

McNamara —  cited in 29 appellate court decisions PLUS 1 Irish High Ct decision in a JR:

Bank of Montreal v. Payne, 2012 FC 431, 408 F.T.R. 64, 2012 C.L.L.C. 210-036, 2012 CarswellBC 1035 (F.C.C.) at para. 49, per Rennie J. [Note: This was an application for judicial review, and was reversed in part (but only as to penalty) by the F.C.A.]

Canada (Min. of National Revenue) v. JP Morgan Asset Management (Canada) Inc., 2013 FCA 250, [2014] 2 F.C.R. 557, 367 D.L.R. (4th) 525, 450 N.R. 91, 62 Admin. L.R. (5th) 76, [2014] DTC 5001, [2013] F.C.J. No. 1155, 2013 CarswellNat 3822 (F.C.A.) at para. 82, per Stratas J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

ColasCanada Inc. v. Canada (Min. of National Revenue), 2014 FC 452, [2014] 5 C.T.C. 1, 2014 D.T.C. 5076, [2014] F.C.J. No. 552, 2014 CarswellNat 1732 (F.C.C. Prothonotary) at para. 27, per Prothonotary Morneau. [Note: This related to an application for judicial review.]

Do Rav Right Coalition v. Hagen, 2005 BCSC 991, 17 C.E.L.R. (3d) 293, [2005] B.C.J. No. 1454, 2005 CarswellBC 1581 (B.C. S.C.) at para. 136, per Bauman J. [Note: This was an application for judicial review, and was affirmed by the B.C. C.A.]

R.K. Heli-Ski Panorama Inc. v. Glassman, 2005 BCSC 1622, 45 Admin. L.R. (4th) 116, 21 C.E.L.R. (3d) 58, [2005] B.C.J. No. 2562. 2005 CarswellBC 2807 (B.C. S.C.) at para. 67, per Melnick J. [Note: This was an application for judicial review.]

Do Rav Right Coalition v. Hagen, 2006 BCCA 571, 61 B.C.L.R. (4th) 25, 233 B.C.A.C. 15, 26 C.E.L.R. (3d) 16, [2006] B.C.J. No. 3225, 2006 CarswellBC 3089 (B.C. C.A.) at para. 39, per Newbury J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Taiga Works Wilderness Equipment Ltd. v. B.C. (Dir. of Employment Standards), 2010 BCCA 97, 316 D.L.R. (4th) 719, 3 B.C.L.R. (5th) 103, 284 B.C.A.C. 146, 8 Admin. L.R. (5th) 53, [2010] B.C.J. No. 316, 2010 CarswellBC 435 (B.C. C.A.) at paras. 33-34, per Tysoe J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

S.(G.) v. Alberta (Human Rights & Citizenship Commission), 2002 ABQB 597, 322 A.R. 133, 5 Alta. L.R. (4th) 145, [2002] 10 W.W.R. 309, 44 Admin. L.R. (3d) 309, 48 C.H.R.R. 353, [2002] A.J. No. 980, 2002 CarswellAlta 953 (Alta. Q.B.) at paras. 30-31, per Mason J. [Note: This was an application for judicial review.]

Berkeley v. Ontario (Racing Commission), [2001] O.J. No. 5442, 2001 CarswellOnt 6045 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 1, per Carnwath J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Megens v. Ontario (Racing Commission), 2003 CanLII 26509, 225 D.L.R. (4th) 757, 64 O.R. (3d) 142, 170 O.A.C. 155, 10 Admin. L.R. (4th) 83, [2003] O.J. No. 1459, 2003 CarswellOnt 3531 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 10, per Lane J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Robinson v. Ontario (Racing Commission), 2004 CanLII 24443, 16 Admin. L.R. (4th) 266, 186 O.A.C. 43, [2004] O.J. No. 1591, 2004 CarswellOnt 1534 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 19, per Swinton J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Sabourin v. Ontario Racing Commission (2005), 204 O.A.C. 200, [2005] O.J. No. 5054, 2005 CarswellOnt 6808 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 13, per Carnwath J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Wescott LLC v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2005 CanLII 49675, 208 O.A.C. 195, [2005] O.J. No. 5725, 2005 CarswellOnt 7832 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 28, per Lane J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Austin v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2007 ONCA 587, 71 Admin. L.R. (4th) 240, 228 O.A.C. 263, [2007] O.J. No. 3249, 2007 CarswellOnt 5423 (Ont. C.A.) at para. 19, per Rouleau J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Ontario Racing Commission v. Hudon, 2008 CanLII 68156, 244 O.A.C. 79, [2008] O.J. No. 5313, 2008 CarswellOnt 7984 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 21, per Swinton J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Robinson v. McNair, 2010 ONSC 3749, [2010] O.J. No. 2898, 2010 CarswellOnt 5238 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 7, per McCombs J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Waxman v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2010 ONSC 3198, [2010] O.J. No. 2483, 2010 CarswellOnt 3992 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 17, per McCombs J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Whelan v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2010 ONSC 3118, 265 O.A.C. 85, [2010] O.J. No. 4536, 2010 CarswellOnt 5726 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at note 8 therein, per Molloy J., writing for the majority. [Note: this decision was reversed by the Ont. C.A.]

AlGhaithy v. University of Ottawa, 2012 ONSC 142, 289 O.A.C. 382, [2012] O.J. No. 1594, 2012 CarswellOnt 7358 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 38, per Swinton J., writing for the unanimous Court. [Note: application for leave to appeal dismissed by Ont. C.A. and by S.C.C.]

LSBF Canada Inc. v. Scott, 2013 ONSC 4772, 311 O.A.C. 23, 66 Admin. L.R. (5th) 330, [2013] O.J. No. 3289, 2013 CarswellOnt 9727 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 19, per Nordheimer J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Seniorscare Operations (HCL) LP v Ont. (Director, Performance Improvement & Compliance Branch, Min. of Health & Long-Term Care), 2015 ONSC 1964, [2015] O.J. No. 1605, 2015 CarswellOnt 4485 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 11, per Harvison Young J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Brooks v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2016 ONSC 1136, 347 O.A.C. 200, 5 Admin. L.R. (6th) 317, [2016] O.J. No. 1270, 2016 CarswellOnt 3812 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 63, per Sachs J., writing for the unanimous Court. (This decision was affirmed by the Ont. C.A.)

Gymnopoulos v. Ont. Ass’n of Basketball Officials, 2016 ONSC 1525, [2016] O.J. No. 1097, 2016 CarswellOnt 3520 (Ont. Sup. Ct.) at para. 64, per Bird J. [Note: This was an urgent application for judicial review.]

Interpaving Ltd. v. Greater Sudbury (City), 2018 ONSC 3005, [2018] O.J No. 3502, 2018 CarswellOnt 10758 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 41, per Thorburn & Wilton-Siegel JJ., jointly writing for the majority.

Volochay v. College of Massage Therapists of Ontario, 2019 ONSC 5718, [2019] O.J No. 4997, 2019 CarswellOnt 15557 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 44, per Favreau J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Flinn v. Halifax Regional School Bd., 2014 NSCA 64, 347 N.S.R. (2d) 32, 1098 A.P.R. 32, 70 Admin. L.R. (5th) 40, 17 C.C.E.L. (4th) 167, [2014] N.S.J. No. 305, 2014 CarswellNS 439 (N.S. C.A.) at para. 28, per Scanlan J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Sipekne’katik v. Nova Scotia (Min. of Environment), 2017 NSSC 23, [2017] N.S.J. No. 28, 2017 CarswellNS 46 (N.S. S.C.) at paras. 21, 23 and 27, per Hood J. [Note: This is a statutory appeal from a ministerial decision.]

Chappell v. Maritime Provinces Harness Racing Commission, 2008 PESCTD 26, 269 & P.E.I.R. 307, 817 A.P.R. 307, [2008] P.E.I.J. No. 26, 2008 CarswellPEI 26 (P.E.I. S.C.T.D) at para. 51, per Jenkins J. [Note: this judgment was on an application for judicial review.]

Easter v. Maritime Provinces Harness Racing Commission, 2013 PESC 2, 335 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 332, 1040 A.P.R. 332, [2013] P.E.I.J. No. 16, 2013 CarswellPEI 35 (P.E.I. S.C.) at para. 5, per Mitchell J. [Note: this judgment was on an application for judicial review.]

McMahon v. Law Society of Ireland, [2009] IEHC 339 (Irish High Ct.), per Justice Herbert, on an application for judicial review.

 

Megens —  cited in 19 appellate court decisions:

Frezza v. Canada (Min. of National Defence), [2014] F.C. 32, 445 F.T.R. 299, [2014] F.C.J. No. 23, 2014 CarswellNat 28 (F.C.C.), at para. 38, per Russel J. [Note: this judgment was on an application for judicial review.]

CUPE v. Canada Post Corp., 2010 BCSC 1696, 20 Admin. L.R. (5th) 102, 200 L.A.C. (4th) 289, [2011] C.L.L.C. para. 220-006, [2010] B.C.J. No. 2404, 2010 CarswellBC 3269 (B.C. S.C.) at para. 25, per Ehrcke J. [Note: this judgment was on a petition to quash an arbitrator’s decision.]

Andree v. Bentley, 2011 BCSC 641, [2011] B.C.J. No. 908, 2011 CarswellBC 1185 (B.C. S.C.) at para. 23, per Harris J. [Note: this judgment was on an application for judicial review.]

Mohamed v. University of Saskatchewan, 2006 SKQB 23, [2006] 8 W.W.R. 158, 50 Admin. L.R. (4th) 273, 276 Sask. R. 87, [2006] S.J. No. 39, 2006 CarswellSask 23 (Sask. Q.B.) at para. 44, per Laing C.J. (qua Visitor). [Note: this judgment was on a petition to overturn a university’s expulsion decision.]

Slawik v. Manitoba (Workers' Compensation Bd.), 2006 MBCA 55, 205 Man. R. (2d) 124, 375 W.A.C. 124, [2006] M.J. No. 244, 2006 CarswellMan 180 (Man. C.A.) at paras. 23-24, per Scott C.J.M., writing for the unanimous Court.

Chong v. College of Physicians & Surgeons of Ontario, 2004 CanLII 14842, 184 O.A.C. 312, [2004] O.J. No. 1081, 2004 CarswellOnt 1018 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 44, per curiam.

P.(C.) v. Ont. (Criminal Injuries Compensation Bd.), 2004 CanLII 48671, 193 O.A.C. 124, [2004] O.J. No. 5265, 2004 CarswellOnt 6074 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 9-10, per Lane J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Robinson v. Ontario (Racing Commission), 2004 CanLII 24443, 16 Admin. L.R. (4th) 266, 186 O.A.C. 43, [2004] O.J. No. 1591, 2004 CarswellOnt 1534 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 19, per Swinton J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Toronto Community Housing Corp. v. Greaves, 2004 CanLII 47794, 193 O.A.C. 90, [2004] O.J. No. 5112, 2004 CarswellOnt 5311 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 14-15, per Pitt J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Kalin v. Ontario College of Teachers, 2005 CanLII 18286, 75 O.R. (3d) 523, 254 D.L.R. (4th) 503, 30 Admin. L.R. (4th) 289, 198 O.A.C. 201, [2005] O.J. No 2097, 2005 CarswellOnt 2095 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 59-60, per Molloy J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Jackson v. Toronto Catholic School Board, 2006 CanLII 23951, 50 Admin. L.R. (4th) 243, 143 C.R.R. (2d) 170, 214 O.A.C. 39, [2006] O.J. No. 2878, 2006 CarswellOnt 4319 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 35, per curiam.

Natarelli v. Sheikh, 2007 CanLII 4325, [2007] O.J. No. 604, 2007 CarswellOnt 889 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 5, per Cunningham A.C.J.S.C., writing for the unanimous Court.

Stronach Stables v. Ontario Racing Commission, 2007 CanLII 51796, [2007] O.J. No. 4707, 2007 CarswellOnt 7793 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 5, per Swinton J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Clifford v. Ont. (A.G.), 2008 CanLII 26256, 90 O.R. (3d) 742, 85 Admin. L.R. (4th) 105, 237 O.A.C. 277, [2008] O.J. No. 2136, 2008 CarswellOnt 3188 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 29-30, per Molloy J., writing for the majority. [Note: this decision was reversed by the Ont. C.A.]

Shooters Sports Bar Inc. v. Ont. (Alcohol and Gaming Commission), 2008 CanLII 25052, 238 O.A.C. 9, [2008] O.J. No. 2112, 2008 CarswellOnt 3189 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 44, per Molloy J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Chang v. Ont. (Registrar, Real Estate and Business Brokers Act, 2002), 2010 ONSC 3162, 264 O.A.C. 190, [2010] O.J. No. 2894, 2010 CarswellOnt 4883 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 18 and 39-40, per curiam.

Oakville (Town) v. Read, 2010 ONSC 170, 316 D.L.R. (4th) 62, 92 R.P.R. (4th) 187, 70 M.P.L.R. (4th) 113, 259 O.A.C. 69, [2010] O.J. No. 464, 2010 CarswellOnt 613 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 29, per Dambrot J., writing for the unanimous Court.

C.(B.) v. Ont. (Criminal Injuries Compensation Bd.), 2014 ONSC 7860, [2014] O.J. No. 7860, 2014 CarswellOnt 1129 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 7, per Matlow J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Tsimidis v. Certified General Accountants of Ontario, 2014 ONSC 4236, 120 O.R. (3d) 545, 323 O.A.C. 363, [2014] O.J. No 3376, 2014 CarswellOnt 9701 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 54, per Then J., writing for the unanimous Court.

 

Poulton —  cited in 3 appellate court decisions:

Rathé v. Health Professions Appeal and Review Board, 2002 CanLII 7141, 49 Admin. L.R. (3d) 69, 166 O.A.C. 161, [2002] O.J. No. 4787, 2002 CarswellOnt 4219 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 53, per Lalonde J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Weyerhaeuser Co. Ltd v. Ont. (Human Rights Commission), 2007 CanLII 65623, 224 O.A.C. 116, 58 C.C.E.L. (3d) 218, [2007] O.J. No. 1758, (sub nom. Chornyj v. Weyerhauser Co. Ltd.) 2007 CarswellOnt 2828 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 12, per Cunningham A.C.J.S.C., writing for the unanimous Court.

Children’s Aid Society of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry v. D.(S.V.), 2016 ONSC 1688, 73 R.F.L. (7th) 98, 347 O.A.C. 375, [2016] O.J. No. 1567, 2016 CarswellOnt 5105 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at paras. 4, 5 and 8, per curiam.

 

Richmond   —  cited in 7 appellate court decisions:

Carruthers v. College of Nurses of Ontario, 1996 CanLII 11803, 31 O.R. (3d) 377, 141 D.L.R. (4th) 325, 96 O.A.C. 41, [1996] O.J. No 4275, 1996 CarswellOnt 4620 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at part (3)(d)(i), per Watt J. (later J.A.), writing for the unanimous Court.

Modi v. Ontario (Health Professions Bd.), 1996 CanLII 11773, 27 O.R. (3d) 762, 133 D.L.R. (4th) 424, 39 Admin. L.R. (2d) 66, 89 O.A.C. 15, [1996] O.J. No. 539, 1996 CarswellOnt 544 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at parts II and III(a), per Adams J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Garbo Group Inc. v. Harriet Brown & Co., 1999 CanLII 8988, 23 Admin. L.R. (3d) 153, 3 C.P.R. (4th) 224, 176 F.T.R. 80, [1999] F.C.J. No. 1763, 1999 CarswellNat 2413 (F.C.C.) at para. 21, per Evans J. (later J.A.). [Note: This was an appeal from a decision of the Registrar of Copyrights.]

Cressman v. Ontario College of Teachers, 2005 CanLII 1406, 249 D.L.R. (4th) 749, 194 O.A.C. 262, [2005] O.J. No 565, 2005 CarswellOnt 223 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 35, per Meehan J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Nova Scotia (Prov’l Dental Bd.) v. Creager, 2005 NSCA 9, 230 N.S.R. (2d) 48, 729 A.P.R. 48, [2005] N.S.J. No. 32, 2005 CarswellNS 48 (N.S. C.A.) at para. 78, per Fichaud J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

C.(K.) v. Alta. (College of Physical Therapists), 1999 ABCA 253, [1999] 12 W.W.R. 339, 244 A.R. 28, 72 Alta. L.R. (3d) 77, [1999] A.J. No. 973, 1999 CarswellAlta 775 (Alta. C.A.) at para. 63, per Fruman J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Macdonald v. Institute of Chartered Accountants of B.C., 2010 BCCA 492, 11 B.C.L.R. (5th) 109, 295 B.C.A.C. 217, 501 W.A.C. 217, 13 Admin. L.R. (5th) 221, [2010] B.C.J. No. 2151, 2010 CarswellBC 2956 (B.C. C.A.) at para. 54, per Kirkpatrick J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

 

Schickedanz   —  cited in 1 appellate court decision:

Ont. Harness Horse Ass’n v. Ont. Racing Commission, 2012 ONSC 821, 290 O.A.C. 56 (Ont. Div. Ct.) at para. 83, per Lauwers J. (now J.A.), writing for the unanimous Court.

 

Symtron (No. 1)   —  cited in 17 appellate court decisions (incl. one by S.C.C.):

Northrop Grumman Overseas Services Corp. v. Canada (A.G.), 2009 SCC 50, [2009] 3 S.C.R. 309, 313 D.L.R. (4th) 605, 395 N.R. 78, [2009] S.C.J. No. 50, 2009 CarswellNat 3420 (S.C.C.) at para. 10, per Rothstein J., writing for the unanimous Court.

Canada (A.G.) v. Corel Corp., 1999 CanLII 7868, 241 N.R. 190, [1999] F.C.J. No. 525, 1999 CarswellNat 4254 (F.C.A.) at note 4 therein, per Desjardins J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Raman v. Canada (Min. of Citizenship & Imm.), 1999 CanLII 8287, [1999] 4 F.C.R. 140, 246 N.R. 370, 65 C.R.R. (2d) 162, [1999] F.C.J. No. 839, 1999 CarswellNat 2615 (F.C.A.) at note 2 therein, per Linden J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Siemens Westinghouse Inc. v. Canada (Min. of Public Works & Gov’t Services), 2000 CanLII 15611, 260 N.R. 367, [2000] F.C.J. No. 999, 2000 CarswellNat 1398 (F.C.A.) at para. 9, per Robertson J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Profac Facilities Management Services v. FM One Alliance Corp., 2001 FCA 352, 19 B.L.R. (3d) 1, 281 N.R. 194, [2001] F.C.J. No. 1530, 2001 CarswellNat 2249 (F.C.A.) at para. 15, per Evans J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Siemens Westinghouse Inc. v. Canada (Min. of Public Works & Gov’t Services), 2001 FCA 241, [2002] 1 F.C.R. 292, 202 D.L.R. (4th) 610, 274 N.R. 69, 36 Admin. L.R. (3d) 171, [2001] F.C.J. No. 1184, 2001 CarswellNat 1628 (F.C.A.) at paras. 15 & 30, per Malone J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Canada (A.G.) v. McNally Construction Inc., 2002 FCA 184, [2002] 4 F.C.R. 633, 214 D.L.R. (4th) 478, 291 N.R. 139, 42 Admin. L.R. (3d) 1, [2002] F.C.J. No. 689, 2002 CarswellNat 2030 (F.C.A.) at para. 14, per Stone J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

John Chandioux Experts Conseils Inc. v. Canada (Dep’t of Public Works & Gov’t Services), 2004 FCA 118, 325 N.R. 43, 21 Admin. L.R. (4th) 262, [2004] F.C.J. No. 530, 2004 CarswellNat 2333 (F.C.A.) at paras. 15 & 25, per Nadon J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Metis Nation of Ontario v. Przybyszewski, 2004 FC 977, 23 Admin. L.R. (4th) 3, 257 F.T.R. 186, [2004] F.C.J. No. 1238, 2004 CarswellNat 2300 (F.C.C.) at para. 58, per Russel J. [Note: This is an application for judicial review of a decision of a CLC Adjudicator.]

Canada (A.G.) v. Canadian North Inc., 2007 FCA 93, 360 N.R. 350, [2007] F.C.J. No. 333, 2007 CarswellNat 1837 (F.C.A.) at para. 17, per Sharlow J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Canada (A.G.) v. Northrop Grumman Overseas Services Corp., 2007 FCA 336, 370 N.R. 239, [2007] F.C.J. No. 1411, 2007 CarswellNat 3576 (F.C.A., single judge) at para. 18, per Noël J.A.

Defence Construction (1951) Ltd. v. Zenix Engineering Ltd., 2008 FCA 109, 377 N.R. 47, [2008] F.C.J. No. 497, 2008 CarswellNat 2761 (F.C.A.) at paras. 19-20 and 23, per Desjardins J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.

Canada (A.G.) v. Northrop Grumman Overseas Services Corp., 2008 FCA 187, [2009] 1 F.C.R. 688, 293 D.L.R. (4th) 335, 379 N.R. 1, [2008] F.C.J. No. 798, 2008 CarswellNat 1619 (F.C.A.) at para. 28, per Ryer J.A., writing for the majority.

St-Amour v. Canada (A.G.), 2014 FC 103, 450 F.T.R. 102, [2014] F.C.J. No. 1069, 2014 CarswellNat 5380 (F.C.C.) at para. 15, per Strickland J. [Note: This decision was on an application for judicial review.]

Canada (A.G.) v. Oshkosh Defense Canada Inc., 2018 FCA 102, [2018] F.C.J. No. 576, 2018 CarswellNat 2687 (F.C.A., single judge) at para. 7, per Stratas J.A.

Nunavut Innovative Health Solutions v. NNI Contracting Appeals Bd., 2014 NUCJ 29, [2014] Nu.J. No. 27, 2014 CarswellNun 29 (Nunavut Ct. of J.) at paras. 17, 27, and 66-67, per Johnson J. [Note: This decision was in relation to an application for judicial review.]

Canada (P.G.) c. Entreprise Marissa inc., 2015 QCCA 1400, 4 Admin. L.R. (6th) 240, [2015] J.Q. No. 8290, 2015 CarswellQue 8327 (Que. C.A.) at paras. 46 & 59, per Giroux J.A., writing for the unanimous Court.